Fajr prayer starts from dawn (fajr al-sadiq) until sunrise; Dhuhr prayer begins when the sun passes its zenith (zawal) and lasts until shadows are one or two times their length. Asr is from the end of Dhuhr until sunset; Maghrib is from sunset until the disappearance of the twilight (redness). Isha prayer begins with the disappearance of the twilight and lasts until the start of Fajr time (imsak).

The conditions outside the prayer (pre-requisites); are purification from ritual impurity (hadath), purification from physical filth (najasah), covering the ‘awrah, facing the Qibla, time, and intention. The pillars inside the prayer (arkan) are six: the opening takbir, standing (qiyam), recitation (qira’ah), bowing (ruku’), prostration (sujud), and the final sitting (qa’dah al-akhirah). If any of these twelve obligations are missing without a valid excuse, the prayer is not valid.

Friday prayer (Jumu’ah) is an individual obligation (fard al-ayn) upon every free, resident (non-traveler), healthy Muslim male who has reached puberty. Women, children, those with restricted freedom, the sick, and travelers (musafir) are not obliged to perform Friday prayer. Those who cannot attend the congregation perform the Dhuhr prayer of that day instead of the Friday prayer.

A make-up prayer (qada) is the performance of an obligatory prayer that was not performed on time in the same manner (only the fard and witr prayers). A person who misses a prayer due to an excuse such as forgetting or sleeping should perform it as soon as they remember. Except for those who have more than five missed prayers, the **order (tartib)** between make-up prayers and current prayers is essential.

A person who sets out to travel to a place at least 90 km away and intends to stay there for less than fifteen days is considered a traveler (musafir). Travelers perform the four-rak’ah obligatory prayers (Dhuhr, Asr, and Isha) by shortening them to two rak’ahs. No shortening is done for the fard of Maghrib and Fajr prayers or for the witr prayer; these are performed in full.